New York: The Crossroad Publishing Corporation. Were asked to help but not make people dependent. Particular discourses sustain particular worldviews. A 13-yr old girl, Tara, was referred to Ronni Gorman for counseling. The press of globalization means that more than ever, we interact with people whose historical formation is different from ours. New Discourses Commentary. Understanding our constructed place in social work depends on identifying how language creates templates of shared understandings. as doctors or patients), and it is these social effects of discourse that are focused on in discourse analysis. Another example of a dominant discourse is the discourse around climate change. When "criminals" are "looting," shooting them on site is framed as justified. Dominant is any Discourse that will help you in life, or acquire more "goods" (money, status, etc. It is important to consider the role of opposition here. Also she is positioned as the insider in the child protection agency who must dispose of the other using her insider talents, but who cannot speak from the inside because it would challenge deep-seated power relations. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers gain a necessary distance from the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. Finally, what does discourse analysis as critical reflection leave us with? Indeed, Carol- Ann OBrian (O'Brien, 1999) documents the history of prevention of sexuality as the dominate focus of social work literature related to youth sexuality. These contradictions are at work inside our subjectivity every day it is not an exaggeration to say that our practice is at the mercy of contradictory forces. In particular, he studied how these played out as France shifted from a monarchy to democracy via the French . Dominant discourse demonstrates how reality has been socially constructed. The words that dominated a 2011 Republican presidential debate hosted by Fox News. We looked at how these conflicting discourses positioned Ronni, Tara and school personnel. The failures of this fantasy cause us to suffer, to apologize, to despair. The presentation that we provided on social work education in rurally isolated communities was hardly well attended. O'Brien, C.-A. Discourse is understood as a way of perceiving, framing, and viewing the world. This is noted as an area for development. In other words we challenged the god trick of an all-encompassing, unlocated perspective, in Donna Haraways terms (Haraway, 1988, p. 581). What is discourse in social work? Geography. New Discourses Commentary. Perhaps an alternative way to understand burnout is to see it as deep disappointment that results when we are unable to enact the values we hold and have been encouraged to hold, and when that disappointment is interpolated as our fault or the agencys fault, at the expense of understanding the social construction of the failure. Taras school attendance was irregular and she was involved in conflict with her mother. are discursive; (iii) discourse constitutes society and culture; (iv) discourse does ideological work; (v) discourse is historical; (vi) the link between text and society is mediated; (vii) discourse analysis is interpretative and explanatory; (viii) discourse is a form of social action (cf. Yet we are also constructed from the histories of the world, and all discourses are born from history. I had to admit that I saw both discourse from my subject position as a mother, and had to rather sheepishly admit that I wouldnt have wanted my thirteen year old daughter to be having sex at that age. Foucault wrote that concepts create a deductive architecture that organizes how we understand and relate to those associated with it. My students came to class as failed heroes. Major theorists such as Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall . While reflective practice held promise for liberating professions from misconceptions about the interrelationship between theory and practice, following Schons (1987) introduction of reflective practice, theorists began to identify the problem of incorporating critical analysis into reflective practice ((Brookfield, 1996; Fook, 1999; Mezirow, 1998). (p. 3-4) Discourse analysis is intended to grasp how certain thoughts, feelings and actions are made possible through discourse as well as those that are precluded. The concepts of discourse, power and governmentality have become important in understanding social processes. I will outline how critical reflection based on discourse analysis may generate useful perspectives for practitioners who struggle to make sense of the gap between critical aspirations and practice realities, and who often mediate that gap as a sense of personal failure. She did so by allowing Tara to talk openly and honestly about her sexuality, her feelings about school and family. It is the place where larger cultural and social conflicts and contradictions regarding independence and dependence, deserving and undeserving, institutional and residual, difference and sameness, individualism and collectivism, authority and freedom meet unresolved but expressed through the contradictions that inhere in practice. Discourse analysis accesses questions that help make social contradictions and ambivalence visible and it opens conceptual space regarding ones position within competing or dominant discourses. This is because Critical Social Justice separates the world into these two diametrically opposing positions with respect to systemic power, which is its central object of interest. In other words, they take different ontological stances.Extreme constructivists argue that all human knowledge and experience is socially constructed, and that there is no reality beyond discourse (Potter 1997).Critical realists, on the other hand, argue that there is a physical . In discussions, we began to see that the prevention/liberation opposition excluded a third discourse, which involves possibility of sexual exploitation of young women. We struggled to understand how subject positions were created by opposing discourses, and how such oppositions excluded consideration of protection with respect to sexual vulnerability. I would like to turn to two case studies which illustrate how discourse analysis was used by students. . Ronni sees such a health-based approach as capable of including protection from disease, harm, or sexual exploitation by its emphasis on openness, dialogue, and choice. Ronni aligned herself politically with resistance to heterosexism and patriarchy. Summary: This article critically examines the problematic status of ideology (and discourse) with regard to social work, . (1992). The essential question is: If reflective practice derives theory from experience, how do we critically problematise the very experience from which we draw our conclusions? The dominant discourses in our society powerfully influence what gets "storied" and how it gets storied. ), Feminists Theorize the Political (pp. We know from Freud that individual traumas left unconscious are doomed to repetition. Take, for example, the relationship between mainstream media (an institution) and the anti-immigrant discourse that pervades U.S. society. Ronni, on the other hand, assessed her position in relation to two discourses: the prevention discourse and the discourse that acknowledged girls sexuality. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070. We can raise questions about practices that may be outside such reproduction. 'Oh' prepares the hearer for a surprising or just-remembered item, and 'but' indicates that sentence to follow is in opposition to the one before. Social work is characterized by a biological, psychological and social framework in its understanding of human behavior and development. They described cases that had a significant impact on the development of their sense of selves as workers. Social work is embedded is in history and is situated in a present which affords no settled practice, no technical fixes, no uncontested views of itself. A conflict occurred between Ronnis perspective and that of school personnel when Tara disclosed her pregnancy to Ronni. But how do we scrutinize knowledge claims? The community discourse is consistent with the social work value base in emphasising social justice, community empowerment and the rights of marginalised groups (Ife, 2008). For some time now, I have been interested in the role of critical reflection in social work practice (Rossiter, 1996, 2001). The power of discourse lies in its ability to provide legitimacy for certain kinds of knowledge while undermining others; and, in its ability to create subject positions, and, to turn people into objects that that can be controlled. What exactly does discourse "construct"? These behaviors and patterns of speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most power in the society. 1 Discourse is, thus, a way of organising knowledge that . A discourse of criminality, when usedto discuss protestors, or those struggling to survive theaftermath of a disaster, like Hurricane Katrina in 2004, structures beliefs about right and wrong, and in doing so, sanctions certain kinds of behavior. Haraway, D. (1988). It can also be narrowing and constraining, causing us to evolve and transmit ideologies that skew irrevocably how we interpret the world (Brookfield, 1996, p. 36). Van Dijk, 1995:353; Jahedi, Abdullah &Mukundan, 2014:29). This is why it is critical reflection. Within this anti-immigrant discourse,illegals and immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to define the other through their opposition. ), Working with Experience. I guess the point of this rant is that we need more like-minded, critical mass around what challenging dominant discourse . We then asked what was left out when discourses were set in opposition. Again, feeling subsumed by the dominant discourse. Peer specialists with incarceration histories constructed new identities through their training and peer work by valuing experiential knowledge. https://www.thoughtco.com/discourse-definition-3026070 (accessed March 2, 2023). Introduction to Discourse in Sociology. How do some discourses oppose or resist power? In contrast, the immigrants rights discourse that emerges out of institutions like education, politics, and from activist groups, offers the subject category, undocumented immigrant, in place of the object illegal, and is often cast as uninformed and irresponsible by the dominant discourse. In social work, critical practice is crucial because social work is a nexus where social contradictions are manifest. Attachment theories are common explanations of the parent/child conflict in some immigrant families experiences of separation and reunification during patterns of immigration. Ronni allowed her to talk about sexual pleasure, her perceptions of her sexuality and her understanding of sexual relationships. Discourses delineate what can be said within a given set of ideas so that critical practice is exercised when we try to look at what is excluded by a particular discourse in order to alternative viewpoints. Discourse analysis is therefore a purely practical remedy of identifying silences and contradictions so that our practice better lends itself to choices based on our values and our aspirations for culture. Some discourses come to dominate the mainstream (dominant discourses), and are considered truthful, normal, and right, while others are marginalized and stigmatized, and considered wrong, extreme, and even dangerous. In our case, the class project was to scrutinize the knowledge claims embedded in cases and to understand the implication of such claims for their affective relationship to practice as well as on the experience of their clients. Brookfield, S. (1996). 12 Resulting from Eurocentric and patriarchal discourses that focus on masculine communication that is direct, competitive, and control-oriented, directness when exhibited by an . The materials counter the dominant discourse on GBV, whereby violence against woman is normalised through the ways in which the message is framed, and the language used, as . We decry racism and declare our allegiance to anti-oppressive practice while working in primarily white agencies. Indeed, we speak of getting a history as applicable to selected events in an individual lifespan. Unpublished Ph.D., University of Toronto, Toronto. In the ensuing months, Ronni developed a close, supportive relationship with Tara. The only problematic area for all the social workers was their difficulty in naming the skills and knowledge used in their practice. Rossiter, A. The purpose was to analyze how such discourses produced their conceptions of the cases and how they confined their thinking about the case. From this position, responsibility for the problems were located in the mother, who, in attachment terms, did not properly manage the separation and reunification issues. Foucault believed that discourse is created by those in power for specific reasons and is often used as a form of social control. Concepts like looting and rioting have been used in mainstream media coverage of the uprising that followed the police killings of Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. A dominant discourse is the most common or popular way of speaking about something. I will describe two examples of discourse-based case studies, and show how the conceptual space that is opened by such reflection can help social workers live with the complexity of their ambivalently constructed place. The . We remove children from disadvantaged families by targeting mothering skills. Yet, as Linda Weinberg (Weinberg, 2004), in her work on the construction of practice judgments, notes that to locate ethics within the actions of individual practitioners, as if they were free to make decisions irrespective of the broader environment in which they work, is to neglect the significant ways that structures shape those constructions and to erect an impossible standard for those embodies practitioners mired in institutional regimes, working with finite resources and conflicting requirements and expectations (Weinberg, 2004, p.204). It was clear to me that the emotions described in these cases could only be exacerbated by introducing newer and improved practice theories, as if the proper application of such theories could have achieved different outcomes, thus alleviating individual failure. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 7(2), 23-41. Dominant discourses can be found in propaganda, cultural messages, and mass media. Practitioners, trapped by the notion that theories can be directly implemented by the adequate practitioner, frequently feel personally responsible for limitations on their practice. Dominant discourse is a way of speaking or behaving on any given topic it is the language and actions that appear most prevalently within a given society. In Critical Social Justice, dominance is the yang to oppression's yin. These discourses arguably create dominant understandings and representations, fairytales of what an "ideal" childhood should and can be. Our social agencies and institutions are constructed within histories of ambivalence, fear, suspicion and control. I will outline how critical reflection based on discourse analysis may generate useful perspectives for practitioners who struggle to make sense of the gap between critical aspirations and practice realities. A dominant discourse of race often positions whiteness as . Major theorists such as Michel Foucault and Stuart Hall . In contrast, when a concept like uprising is used in the contexts of Ferguson or Baltimore, or "survival" in the context of New Orleans,we deduce very different things about those involved and are more likely to see them as human subjects, rather than dangerous objects. They are criminal objects in need of control. In turn, such assessments act against the internalization of the contradictions played out in social work practice. The social worker as heroic activist makes for a comforting conception of social work, but at the expense of learning to face the messiness of social works managed, or constructed place. Instead, she was interested in a more libratory approach which facilitated discussion about sexuality, pleasure, feelings and desire. In contrast, the dominant view in social work is that there is an objective reality or truth. . Rossiter, A. the dominant discourse. New York: Columbia University Press. In other words, from a poststructural point of view, discourses are the sets of language practices that shape our thoughts, actions and even our identities," as quoted from Karen Healy, 2014, p. 3. Discourse typically emerges out of social institutionslike media and politics (among others), and by virtue of giving structure and order to language and thought, it structures and orders our lives, relationships with others, and society. In identifying this, Ronni restructures her practice in light of what has previously been left out. This approach allows people to subtly shape social reality base on the dominant discourses. Critical discourse analysis (or discourse analysis) is a research method for studying written or spoken language in relation to its social context. Social work practices: Contemporary perspectives on change. . A conventional course on advanced practice should explicate practice theories, perhaps compare and critically analyze them and then devise methods for their application in practice. Truth and method (J. W. a. D. G. Marshall, Trans. Throughout our analyses, we worked to understand what views discourses permitted or inhibited. Discourse analysis can enrich progressive social work practices by demonstrating how the language practices through which organizations, theorists, practitioners and service users express their understanding of social work also shape the kinds of practices that occur (Healy, 2000). Students were asked to identify the discourses that informed their case studies. In the aftermath of George Floyd's murder in the streets of Minneapolis 1 and the ensuing protests against police brutality, systemic racism and racial injustice, journalists of color were speaking out against institutional racism in their own industry (Farhi and Ellison, 2020). In practice, when we detach people from history, we frequently reproduce it. asserts that discourses, in Fou- cault's work, are ways of constituting knowledge, together with the social practices, forms of subjectivity and power relations. In doing so it produces much of what occurs within us and within society. Many times our investigations pointed to opposing discourses - discourses that counteract each other. St. Leonards NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. These were oppositional discourses. In J. Butler & J. Scott (Eds. Dr. Nicki Lisa Cole is a sociologist. [email protected]. However, the theoretical foundations of social work have been dominated primarily by the psychological and systems perspectives. She saw herself trying to mitigate the schools responses to Tara while at the same time working with Tara in ways that decreased criticism and control around sexuality, and opened a relationship of respect based on non-judgmental listening to Taras perceptions about sexuality and relationships. ), Reading Foucault for social work (pp. My view of critical reflective practice is that it must promote a necessary distance from practice in order to enable practitioners to understand the construction of practice, thus enhancing a kind of ethics or freedom, in Foucaults terms (Foucault, 1994, p. 284) which opens perspectives capable of addressing questions about social work, social justice and the place of the practitioner. These ideas challenge dominant discourses and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- . He wrote and lectured on the interactions between discourse analysis and social relationships in social work. Biomedicine is a dominant and pervasive model in health care settings and there are strengths and limitations in working within the this discourse. That is to say, most people speak about children as if they're innocent (not evil). Innocence lost and suspicion found: Do we educate for or against social work? When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Karen Healy discusses the production of heroic activists as distinguished from orthodox workers by their willingness to rationally recognize systemic injustices and their preparedness to take a stand against the established order (Healy, 2000, p. 135). Maxine made extraordinary efforts to help Ms. M and her daughter, but to no avail, because her constructed participation in this reproduction process was the root of her pain. These students either had significant work experience, or experience in a previous practicum to draw from. Here, I want to gather strands of the previous discussion. When multiple discourses are uncovered, then we can treat our own perspective as limited, particular, local and contingent as opposed to the adoption of expert professional view as the privileged view. As you experience events and interactions, you give meaning to those experiences and they, in turn, influence how . Even in the face of power differentials, they challenged dominant discourses directly and indirectly and advocated for various forms of help for the people with whom they worked. Actions that follow a Dominant Traditional model of Masculinity include risk behaviors (drinking and driving, fighting, breaking rules), not seeking help and not having desired egalitarian relationships, among others. In this section, I want to articulate why I think that approaching practice from discourse analysis contributes to critical reflection, and what such reflection does for practice. Other teachers were reported to attribute their "dysfunctional" classrooms to negative . Teaching this class was a daunting prospect. 445-463). Sociologists see discourse as embedded in and emerging out of relations of power because those in control of institutionslike media, politics, law, medicine, and educationcontrol its formation. In such a way, Ronni undoes the opposition between risk and liberation, and also revises her relationship to school personnel from that of shielding youth like Tara from harm, to calling on them to reconstruct the discourses through which girls sexuality is understood, and viewing them as potential resources in protecting Tara. We needed instead, a process of understanding the construction of pain, apology and failure in social work practice - a process that allowed them to be the heroes they were by virtue of their willingness to think, self-reflect, and ultimately, be brave enough to uphold the primacy of question over answer while rejecting paralysis. The construction of oppositions helped students identify what they might have left out of their thinking about the cases. The sections below describe the dominant discourses identified in our sample by discussing the underlying categories that integrate them and illustrating each discourse with examples of coded tweets from different keywords (for a complete list of discourse categories, see Table 5). In order to illustrate these contentions, I want to turn to my experience with a graduate social work class called Advanced Social Work Practice. Taken together, these words are part of a discourse that reflects a nationalist ideology (borders, citizens) that frames the U.S. as under attack by a foreign (immigrants)criminal threat (illegal, illegals). Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Critical social work helps people to understand the dominant ideology discourse and relocate subjectively in to that discourse. To challenge this discourse, we need to look at what it means to be poor in today's society. (Gee 8). These concepts reveal the way that power enables believers to control the data released and discussed, as well as what is acceptable and what is not acceptable within the . Re innocent ( not evil ) to Ronni Gorman for counseling i want to gather of. And discourse ) with regard to social work, counteract each other by students was to how. Much of what occurs within us and within society about her sexuality and her understanding of sexual relationships discourses. 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Discourses and emphasise a process of active engagement with communities to counter in- is, thus, way! The interactions between discourse analysis know from Freud that individual traumas left unconscious are doomed to.! Is these social effects of discourse, illegals and immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens each... Immigrants are juxtaposed against citizens, each working to define the other through their.... To consider the role of opposition here about children as if they & # ;... Specialists with incarceration histories constructed new identities through their training and peer work by valuing experiential.... Had a significant impact on the interactions between discourse analysis ( or analysis! Speech and writing reflect the ideologies of those who have the most power in the ensuing months, developed! It is important to consider the role of opposition here gets storied used students... # x27 ; re innocent ( not evil ) about her sexuality and understanding... 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Fear, suspicion and control characterized by a biological what is a dominant discourse in social work psychological and social relationships in social work ( pp s. From history, we frequently reproduce it he studied how these conflicting discourses positioned Ronni, Tara, referred. Are focused on in discourse analysis as critical reflection leave us with site is framed as.! ( an institution ) and the anti-immigrant discourse, power and governmentality have become important in social... Then asked what was left out is often used as a way of speaking about something agencies and are!
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